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Kang Youwei’s three stages of ideological development
Author: Huang Kaiguo
Source: Author authorized by Confucian Network, originally published by “Hebei Teachers’ Major Sciences (Philosophy and Social Science Edition)” Issue 4, 2020
Abstract: Kang Youwei is one of the most influential thinkers in modern China. Solving social problems is his unchanging desire throughout his life. In order to find a plan for the development of modern China, he adopted Zhou Gong in his late years and used Zhou Rong as a slogan to manage China, and his intention was to “Teaching General Issue”. In the middle, he wrote books such as “New Study of the Study” and “Confucius Reform” and “Confucius Reform” and used Confucius’ restructuring of the aged Gongyang School to promote the modern political initiative of the new transformation, and denounced the ancient literature created by Liu Xin as “New Study”, which led to the greatest persecution of China’s two thousand years of academic politics; in the early days, he regarded the same as the highest fantasy of humanity, Fill in one month’s price‘s author “Big Tong Book” and other works, taking Gongyang’s “Three Worlds” as the skeleton, integrating Chinese and Western cultures, integrating ancient and modern times, and creating a new moral evolutionary theory based on benevolence.
Keywords: Kang Youwei; Gongyang; Third-level
Author introduction: Huang Kaiguo (1952-), male, a big British from Sichuan, taught by Sichuan Master Fan, important academic research.
Kang Youwei is a famous politician in modern times and one of the most contemporary thinkers. In addition to his final study, with the rapid changes in modern Chinese society and the changes in personal encounters, his vision has also undergone three stages of change. The first two stages are Kang You’s exploration to solve problems in modern China, while the latter stage is a theoretical design for solving global problems with the world’s perspective. These three stages form the entire process of Kang Youwei’s thinking development. His lifelong thinking is to solve social problems as a red line.
1. Late period: When he was 32 years old, Kang You said in a letter to Shen Zengzhi: “When he was in the year of Yiyou, he would not be able to improve.” [1] (P380) In the year of Yiyou, Kang You was 28 years old. People have differences in this statement, but the body is entitled. From this time to the 14th year of Guangcheng (1888), Kang Youwei stepped into the political stage before he entered the capital, which was the late stage of Kang Youwei’s thinking. The important representative works of this stage, Kang Youxuan are: “The Inside and Outer Chapters of Kang Zi”, “The Comprehensive Practice of Comprehensiveness” and “Teaching General Issue” and so on.
Since modern times, in the face of the increasingly dramatic social crisis of the Oriental invasion, the historical subject of national salvation has been forced to be held in front of the Chinese people. Kang You’s late thinking is important or seeking a good way to save the world from the traditional Chinese civilization. This is the teaching of Kang You for his early years and the reception ofDirect connection. Although Kang You has already contacted some ideas of Western learning, the teachings he received are still from traditional Chinese civilization. His most convinced teacher Zhu Jiujiang’s academic knowledge is based on Cheng and Zhu’s science. Kang Youyi clearly expressed this a little bit as the name and title of late works. The test of “Kangzi’s Internal and External Chapter” is used as a testimony, and the examples of its internal and external chapters originate from modern Chinese works. Zuo’s studies that convey “Years” include “Inner Translation” and “External Translation”, namely “Left Translation” and “Mandarin”; the book “Zhangzi” contains seven chapters “Inner Translation” and nine chapters “External Translation”; the “Korean Pen” includes “Korean Internal Translation” and “Korean Foreign Translation” (see “Han Book·French Zhi”). The specific title of “Kangzi’s Internal and External Chapter” is derived from traditional Chinese studies, such as “Ka Pi” from WangShort-term maintenance The note of “Zhang Zi Zhengmeng·Deification” by Fuzhi: “Only his vigorous virtue can be used to condense the five constants without any gaps, and combine the two atmospheres with the integrity of the two atmospheres. If it is prepared, it will not be preserved.” [2] (P82) The name of “Weijin Pian” is taken from “The Book of Changes” 64 The name of the last hexagram in the hexagram; the “reason” in “Real Science” is the name of the academic community for the academic arts of the Song Dynasty; the “reason” in “Real Science” is the most important model of the Song and Ming dynasties; the “nature” in “Real Science” is also the most important content of the Song and Ming dynasties; the “benevolence” in “Real Science” is the item of “Five Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Constant Const The titles of several books in Kang You’s late period are also like this, and it can be seen that the clear traces of traditional civilization are derived.
What can best illustrate that Kang You is the important part of traditional civilization in late thinking, and in the content of his later works, the most representative one is the book “Teaching General Issue”②. When Yu Kangyou was 29 years old, he now has some contents added by Kangyou in “Teaching General” later, but the content of the major department belongs to the scope of late thinking③. Liang Qichao said in “What to do next?” “In the Qing Dynasty’s Academic Art”: “In my early years, I was very fond of “Zhou Rong” and wrote “General for Political Science”.” [3] (P69) According to the name, Kang You’s book seems to be a work that discusses teaching problems. In fact, Kang You explained clearly: “The origin of the teachings of the ancestors is the foundation of the king’s life, and it is easy to support you. Because of life.” [4] (P81) This confessed that Kang Youyi wanted to explore the origin of the teachings of the ancestors. It was not about thinking about the ancient feelings, but about settled in social reality, and pursuing the worldly foundation of the king’s management of the whole country through exploration of the teaching methods of Zhou Gong, so as to live in peace and prosperity in life to save the social crisis facing China. This is the basic thinking of “Teaching General”. Therefore, “Teaching General” is not a work that has nothing to do with reality, but a political work that is closely linked to reality and explores the foundation of the world. It is a reaction of Kang Youxuan’s ambition to build the whole country.
Duke Zhou is the most important thing in “Teaching General Issue”The sage king who was highly praised was regarded as the sage king of the last emperor in history by Kang You: “Duke Zhou served as the three kings, and the two generations regarded it as literature. All four generations of learning were established together, and all three hundred and sixty officials were jointly selected. The way of heaven and man was all maintained.” [4] (P35) “The law of Emperor Huang, Emperor Lu, and Shun was inherited from Duke Zhou. The literature of Emperor Huang, Emperor Lu, and Shun, and the affairs of the three kings, and the achievements of the sages.” [4] (P63) The laws of Emperor Huang, Emperor Lu, and Shun were all preserved in Duke Zhou. Kang Yousheng was so prosperous that he admired Zhou Gong, which was not because he thought about the ancient feelings, but because Zhou Gong’s teaching method contained the complete system of “the king’s life”, so he said that “the Taoism was prepared by Zhou Gong, and he taught a great teaching. Officials practiced it all, and the learning was extremely prosperous” [4] (P59), “The system is beautiful and secret, and the
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